Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plant extract mixture restores gene expression of skin barrier molecules filaggrin and loricrin in the 2D psoriasis model. CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were left unstimulated (control) or stimulated with a psoriasis-like cytokine mixture (IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-22 and TNF-alpha, each 10 ng/mL) either in the absence (Psoriasis) or in the presence of the plant extract (Psoriasis + Extract) for 21 h. Gene expression levels of ( a ) FLG , ( b ) LOR and ( c ) IVL were determined by real-time PCR. Statistical significance was tested by a, c) one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test or b) Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12 * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Gene Expression, Control, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plant extract mixture downregulates inflammatory markers in the 2D psoriasis model. CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of ( a ) IL1A , ( b ) IL1B, ( c ) IL1RN , ( d ) CXCL8 , ( e ) TNFA , ( f ) IL17C , ( g ) IL36G , ( h ) CSF2 , ( i ) VEGFA were measured. Statistical significance was tested by a, b, c, e, h) one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test or d, f, g) Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant). Protein expression levels of ( j ) IL-8 and k) TNFα were measured in the supernatants of the cells by ELISA. Values for unstimulated control and plant extract-treated cells were below the detection limit of 31,3 pg/mL (IL-8) or 62,5 pg/mL (TNFα) and not detectable; therefore, no statistical analysis was performed. n.d.= non-detectable.

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Gene Expression, Comparison, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plant extract mixture lowers upregulated antimicrobial peptide expression in the 2D psoriasis model. CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of ( a ) S100A7 , ( c ) DEFB4A and ( e ) DEFB103A were measured. Statistical significance was tested by ( a , c ) one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test or ( e ) Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12). Protein expression levels of ( b ) psoriasin and ( d ) hBD2 were measured in the supernatants of the cells by ELISA. Statistical significance was tested by b) Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12) or d) one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test ( n = 6, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Expressing, Gene Expression, Comparison, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plant extract mixture reduces NFKBIZ and NFKBIA gene expression and IκBζ protein levels. CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of ( a ) NFKBIZ and ( c ) NFKBIA were measured and statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant). ( b ) Protein expression levels of IκBζ were assessed by western blot using an IκBζ antibody. Detection of pan-actin serves as a loading control. Uncropped blots are shown in Supplementary Figure .

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Gene Expression, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plant extract mixture activates the AhR in the 2D psoriasis model. ( a ) CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of CYP1A1 were measured and statistical significance was tested by Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12). ( b ) To determine AhR activation, NHEKs were transfected with the pGudLuc6.1 plasmid containing firefly luciferase which expression depends on AhR activation and the pGL4.74 [ hRLuc /TK] reference plasmid containing renilla luciferase. One day after transfection, cells were stimulated as described in ( a ). After cell lysis, activation of AhR was determined by measurement of relative luciferase activities. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test ( n = 12; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Gene Expression, Activation Assay, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Luciferase, Expressing, Lysis, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Downregulation of AhR inhibits the filaggrin-inducing effects but not the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extract in the 2D psoriasis model. NHEKs were transfected with control or AhR siRNA and stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of ( a ) CYP1A1 , ( b ) FLG , ( c ) NFKBIZ , ( d ) TNFA , ( e ) IL36G ( f ) CXCL8 and ( g ) DEFB4A were measured. Statistical significance was determined by ( a – f ) one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test or ( c ) Kruskal-Wallis with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparison test (n = 9; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p 0.001; ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Transfection, Control, Gene Expression, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Plant extract mixture shows anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a 2D psoriasis model

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50000-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: The plant extract mixture exhibits antioxidant effects in the 2D psoriasis model. CaCl 2 -differentiated NHEKs were stimulated as described in Fig. . ( a ) Gene expression levels of NQO1 were measured and statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparisons test ( n = 12). ( b ) Intracellular reactive oxygen species were measured by DCFDA-based assay. The mean fluorescence value of the control cells was set to 100%, and the relative intracellular ROS levels of the other samples were calculated as percentages of the control. Statistical significance was tested by Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn’s multiple comparison test ( n = 12, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns = not significant). ( c ) NHEKs were transfected and stimulated as described in Fig. . Gene expression levels of NQO1 were measured and statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with subsequent Sidak’s multiple comparison test ( n = 9; * p < 0.05; ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: For the 2D psoriasis model, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs, pooled from four donors, PromoCell, Heidelberg Germany), used at passage 4, were seeded in a 24-well plate in Derma Life Complete medium (CellSystems, Troisdorf, Germany).

Techniques: Plant Extract, Gene Expression, Fluorescence, Control, Comparison, Transfection

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Activity and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Enzybiotic Compositions Formulated with Azotobacter vinelandii Alginate for Topical Use

doi: 10.3390/ijms27093856

Figure Lengend Snippet: HaCaT cell viability in the presence of gel components and the composition. bALG, bacterial sodium alginate; bALG-Lys, composition of sodium alginate (2% initial concentration) and LysSi3-LK (0.5 mg/mL initial concentration). The mean values for three replicates are shown for all groups of samples (± SD). *— p < 0.05, ****— p < 0.0001 compared to bALG-Lys group, two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: HaCaT keratinocytes (ATCC PCS-200-011) were seeded into a 96-well plate for adherent cultures at a density of 20,000 cells/well.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Activity and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Enzybiotic Compositions Formulated with Azotobacter vinelandii Alginate for Topical Use

doi: 10.3390/ijms27093856

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the migration assay of HaCaT cells with the investigated preparations within 48 h. Scratch closure area, which was occupied by the cells for: ( a ) Bacterial sodium alginate gel samples; ( b ) Bacterial calcium alginate hydrogel samples. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. ( c ) Bright field light microscopy (scale bar, 200 μm). Na-ALG, bacterial sodium alginate gels; Ca-ALG, bacterial calcium alginate hydrogels; Lys, endolysin LysSi3-LK. **— p < 0.01, ***— p < 0.001 compared to bALG group, one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: HaCaT keratinocytes (ATCC PCS-200-011) were seeded into a 96-well plate for adherent cultures at a density of 20,000 cells/well.

Techniques: Migration, Light Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Activity and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Enzybiotic Compositions Formulated with Azotobacter vinelandii Alginate for Topical Use

doi: 10.3390/ijms27093856

Figure Lengend Snippet: HaCaT cells viability dynamics in the biocompatibility assay: ( a ) Viable cells percent, mean values are presented ± SD; ( b ) Fluorescence microscopy of HaCaT incorporated into bALG calcium-alginate films with addition of the endolysin LysSi3-LK in 0.25 and 0.5 μg/mL concentrations. *— p < 0.05; **— p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: HaCaT keratinocytes (ATCC PCS-200-011) were seeded into a 96-well plate for adherent cultures at a density of 20,000 cells/well.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy